I had a discussion with someone who was strictly a “positive training” ONLY owner. I ask her what she does when the dog does something she doesn’t want it to do, and she said she redirected its attention (ie: puppy nipping… give it a toy).

Is that adequate enough to show your dog that the behavior they are doing is unacceptable?

Does it create a clear “line of communication” as to what you are willing to allow or not?

Most people misunderstand the technical meaning of “positive”. In learning theory, it just means that something is added to the situation. It can be either something that is good, or appetitive, or something aversive.

Reinforcement is the process that strengthens behavior, punishment is the process that eliminates or weakens behavior. Combine that with positive and negative, and you get what is sometimes called the quadrant of training – R+, or positive reinforcement, R-, or negative reinforcement, P+, or positive punishment, and P-, or negative punishment.

Examples: R+ give your dog a treat for sitting.
R- when the dog that’s forging on the lead moves back into position, the pressure from the collar goes away, thereby reinforcing walking at heel position.
P+ dog does something wrong and gets scolded or whacked with a rolled newspaper.
P- dog does something wrong, and gets isolated.

In other words, R+ is delivering a goodie, R- is removing a baddie.
P+ is delivering a baddie, P- is removing a goodie.

Positive and negative have nothing to do with whether what you’re doing is aversive or not, only with whether or not something is added or removed from the environment, as a result of the behavior. It would be much better if something like “non-aversive” techniques was the term used, rather than positive.

Strictly speaking, a “positive only” trainer would use R+ and P+. In actuality, all four come into play at one time or another. In general, reinforcement is better at shaping behavior than punishment, and positive reinforcement works better than negative reinforcement. But reinforcement, by definition, works to strengthen behavior, regardless of positive or negative.

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Communication is one of the fundamental necessities of our relationships with other people, whether it is a stranger, work colleague, family member, child or life partner. While our interpersonal relationships can be rewarding, many of us find ourselves in situations of mis-communication and communication breakdown, often leading to interpersonal conflict.

Do you find that people often misinterpret what you are saying or your intentions? Have you ever felt that you have totally missed the meaning of what someone else was communicating to you? Do you have difficulty expressing what you would like to say? Rest assured, many of us are confronted with situations like this in our relationships with others! We are left feeling like we are not being heard and our relationships suffer. In the end, our most developed societal tool is also one of the most productive conflict factories in the history of mankind.

In order to tackle two problems with a single solution, we’ve devised a comprehensive article on communication – and how improving it can not only improve your personal relationships, but also ensure that your professional life is on the right lane.

What is communication?

Body language, sign language, verbal language, writing, gestures, broadcasting – you name it, it is part of the process of communication. Communication is a broad concept and its history can be traced from a wide variety of pathways. Gesture and body language are the most primitive forms of communication, being practiced even before humans were able to produce ’sound’ verbal language. Verbal language is possibly the most prominent human form of communication (albeit not the most used – it is perceived to be only 7% to 11% of communication). Some philosophers affirm that our capacity to verbally communicate with each other is the link which separates humans from other animals in the evolutionary scale.

Written language, another particularly prominent and advanced form of human communication, was initiated not so long ago – around 3,000 B.C. when the Egyptian civilisation created their first set of hieroglyphics. The complexity of human communication evolved analogously with the human capacity of learning, invoking major evolutionary changes in the brain structure and resulting in our capacity to improve (or arguably complicate) the way in which we communicate to each other. For the purpose of this article, we’ll focus on verbal communication and body language.

Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication can be defined as the transactional process of creating meaning through mutually responsive entities – or less formally, transmitting and receiving messages to and from other individuals. When people are communicating, they’re being bombarded with information which, in most cases, they vastly fail to perceive. Why? Because people are not aware of the manner in which others perceive the world and themselves. They may have a rough idea, and even share some commonalities, but being able to predict interpretation of meaning to its full extent is impossible. However, it is possible to recognise some general trends.

Interpersonal communication has a core structure: sender, receiver, message and context. When the first ‘message’ is produced, a receiver will interpret that message according to his personal background (values, culture, experiences, knowledge and more) and according to the context in which the message was produced (situation, relevance, sender characteristics and more). To effectively communicate, people need to be able to align each individual’s background information to the verbal or cultural significance of the message being transmitted. Relationships are based on that common level of understanding, and the more people fail to communicate to each other, the more they develop personal assumptions that could lead to conflict.

Barriers to communication

Considering its complexity, understanding the core challenges to interpersonal communication can vastly improve the process of interpreting people’s messages, and helping them understand how to interpret yours. According to Bolton (1993) there are twelve major communication spoilers, listed in three different categories:

Judging

1. Criticising – making a negative evaluation of the other person.

2. Name-calling – stereotyping the other person.

3. Diagnosing – analysing the other person’s behaviour.

4. Praising evaluatively – making excessive positive judgments to the other person.

Sending Solutions

5. Ordering – commanding the other person to do something you would like.

6. Threatening – controlling the other person’s actions by warning about consequences.

7. Moralising – telling what the other person should do in a given situation.

8. Inappropriate or excessive questioning – using close-ended questions in excess.

9. Advising – giving the other person a solution to a problem.

Avoiding the Other’s Concerns

10. Diverting – “pushing” a solution to the other person’s problems.

11. Logical argument – attempting to convince the other with an appeal to logic and facts.

12. Reassuring – trying to stop the other person from feeling negative emotions.

Improving Communication

There are many effective strategies to help improve interpersonal communication. Effective communication does not only involve the transmission of a message, but also ensuring that the other person is devoting enough attention and that the environment is appropriate to transmit the message (controlling the ‘noise’ and ‘interruption’ levels).

Attention is the major skill that needs to be ‘practised’ during the communication process. The more attention devoted to a dialogue, for example, the better a communicator can recognise body language and voice trends. Furthermore, understanding the context of each message and aligning that to the other person’s cultural and emotional background plays a key role in creating reliability in the interpretation.

Basic Communication Skills

Such rules are beneficial for any communication process, but particularly important during a formal relationship.

1. Listening well – valuing the client and demonstrating interest for the conversation.

2. Observing – observing body language, voice tone and emotive expressions.

3. Acknowledgement – the recognition for the client’s initiative to state his/her issues.

4. Awareness – ensuring that the counsellor’s body language is appropriate for the context.

5. Thinking – reasoning about what is and what is not appropriate input to the process.

6. Verbal expression – ensuring the use of the appropriate tone, rhythm and volume of voice.

7. Reflecting – clarifying and verifying what the client has expressed to the counsellor.

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Pedro Gondim
http://www.articlesbase.com/communication-articles/communication-mechanical-and-social-principles-139761.html